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NCCL源码解析①：初始化及ncclUniqueId的产生

2023-03-17 15:00 https://my.oschina.net/oneflow/blog/8575909 OneFlow深度学习框架次阅读条评论

作者｜KIDGINBROOK
更新｜潘丽晨

NCCL是英伟达开源的GPU通信库，支持集合通信和点对点通信。

看下官方给的一个demo：

#include <stdio.h>#include "cuda_runtime.h"#include "nccl.h"#include "mpi.h"#include <unistd.h>#include <stdint.h>  #define MPICHECK(cmd) do {                          \  int e = cmd;                                      \  if( e != MPI_SUCCESS ) {                          \    printf("Failed: MPI error %s:%d '%d'\n",        \        __FILE__,__LINE__, e);   \    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);                             \  }                                                 \} while(0)  #define CUDACHECK(cmd) do {                         \  cudaError_t e = cmd;                              \  if( e != cudaSuccess ) {                          \    printf("Failed: Cuda error %s:%d '%s'\n",             \        __FILE__,__LINE__,cudaGetErrorString(e));   \    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);                             \  }                                                 \} while(0)  #define NCCLCHECK(cmd) do {                         \  ncclResult_t r = cmd;                             \  if (r!= ncclSuccess) {                            \    printf("Failed, NCCL error %s:%d '%s'\n",             \        __FILE__,__LINE__,ncclGetErrorString(r));   \    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);                             \  }                                                 \} while(0)  static uint64_t getHostHash(const char* string) {  // Based on DJB2a, result = result * 33 ^ char  uint64_t result = 5381;  for (int c = 0; string[c] != '\0'; c++){    result = ((result << 5) + result) ^ string[c];  }  return result;}  static void getHostName(char* hostname, int maxlen) {  gethostname(hostname, maxlen);  for (int i=0; i< maxlen; i++) {    if (hostname[i] == '.') {        hostname[i] = '\0';        return;    }  }}  int main(int argc, char* argv[]){  int size = 32*1024*1024;   int myRank, nRanks, localRank = 0;    //initializing MPI  MPICHECK(MPI_Init(&argc, &argv));  MPICHECK(MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &myRank));  MPICHECK(MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &nRanks));    //calculating localRank which is used in selecting a GPU  uint64_t hostHashs[nRanks];  char hostname[1024];  getHostName(hostname, 1024);  hostHashs[myRank] = getHostHash(hostname);  MPICHECK(MPI_Allgather(MPI_IN_PLACE, 0, MPI_DATATYPE_NULL, hostHashs, sizeof(uint64_t), MPI_BYTE, MPI_COMM_WORLD));  for (int p=0; p<nRanks; p++) {     if (p == myRank) break;     if (hostHashs[p] == hostHashs[myRank]) localRank++;  }    //each process is using two GPUs  int nDev = 2;    float** sendbuff = (float**)malloc(nDev * sizeof(float*));  float** recvbuff = (float**)malloc(nDev * sizeof(float*));  cudaStream_t* s = (cudaStream_t*)malloc(sizeof(cudaStream_t)*nDev);    //picking GPUs based on localRank  for (int i = 0; i < nDev; ++i) {    CUDACHECK(cudaSetDevice(localRank*nDev + i));    CUDACHECK(cudaMalloc(sendbuff + i, size * sizeof(float)));    CUDACHECK(cudaMalloc(recvbuff + i, size * sizeof(float)));    CUDACHECK(cudaMemset(sendbuff[i], 1, size * sizeof(float)));    CUDACHECK(cudaMemset(recvbuff[i], 0, size * sizeof(float)));    CUDACHECK(cudaStreamCreate(s+i));  }    ncclUniqueId id;  ncclComm_t comms[nDev];    //generating NCCL unique ID at one process and broadcasting it to all  if (myRank == 0) ncclGetUniqueId(&id);  MPICHECK(MPI_Bcast((void *)&id, sizeof(id), MPI_BYTE, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD));    //initializing NCCL, group API is required around ncclCommInitRank as it is  //called across multiple GPUs in each thread/process  NCCLCHECK(ncclGroupStart());  for (int i=0; i<nDev; i++) {     CUDACHECK(cudaSetDevice(localRank*nDev + i));     NCCLCHECK(ncclCommInitRank(comms+i, nRanks*nDev, id, myRank*nDev + i));  }  NCCLCHECK(ncclGroupEnd());    //calling NCCL communication API. Group API is required when using  //multiple devices per thread/process  NCCLCHECK(ncclGroupStart());  for (int i=0; i<nDev; i++)     NCCLCHECK(ncclAllReduce((const void*)sendbuff[i], (void*)recvbuff[i], size, ncclFloat, ncclSum,           comms[i], s[i]));  NCCLCHECK(ncclGroupEnd());    //synchronizing on CUDA stream to complete NCCL communication  for (int i=0; i<nDev; i++)      CUDACHECK(cudaStreamSynchronize(s[i]));    //freeing device memory  for (int i=0; i<nDev; i++) {     CUDACHECK(cudaFree(sendbuff[i]));     CUDACHECK(cudaFree(recvbuff[i]));  }    //finalizing NCCL  for (int i=0; i<nDev; i++) {     ncclCommDestroy(comms[i]);  }    //finalizing MPI  MPICHECK(MPI_Finalize());    printf("[MPI Rank %d] Success \n", myRank);  return 0;}

在上边的示例中，rank0会执行ncclGetUniqueId获取Id，然后通过mpi广播给其他rank，接下来看下UniqueId是怎么产生的。

ncclResult_t ncclGetUniqueId(ncclUniqueId* out) {  NCCLCHECK(ncclInit());  NCCLCHECK(PtrCheck(out, "GetUniqueId", "out"));  return bootstrapGetUniqueId(out);}

然后看下ncclInit。

首先执行initEnv，设置环境变量。

然后执行initNet，用来初始化nccl所需要的网络，包括两个，一个是bootstrap网络，另外一个是数据通信网络，bootstrap网络主要用于初始化时交换一些简单的信息，比如每个机器的ip端口，由于数据量很小，而且主要是在初始化阶段执行一次，因此bootstrap使用的是tcp；而通信网络是用于实际数据的传输，因此会优先使用rdma（支持gdr的话会优先使用gdr）。

ncclResult_t initNet() {  // Always initialize bootstrap network  NCCLCHECK(bootstrapNetInit());   NCCLCHECK(initNetPlugin(&ncclNet, &ncclCollNet));  if (ncclNet != NULL) return ncclSuccess;  if (initNet(&ncclNetIb) == ncclSuccess) {    ncclNet = &ncclNetIb;  } else {    NCCLCHECK(initNet(&ncclNetSocket));    ncclNet = &ncclNetSocket;  }  return ncclSuccess;}

bootstrapNetInit就是bootstrap网络的初始化，主要就是通过findInterfaces遍历机器上所有的网卡信息，通过prefixList匹配选择使用哪些网卡，将可用网卡的信息保存下来，将ifa_name保存到全局的bootstrapNetIfNames，ip地址保存到全局bootstrapNetIfAddrs，默认除了docker和lo其他的网卡都可以使用。

例如在测试机器上有三张网卡，分别是xgbe0、xgbe1、 xgbe2，那么就会把这三个ifaname和对应的ip地址保存下来，另外nccl提供了环境变量NCCL_SOCKET_IFNAME可以用来指定想用的网卡名，例如通过export NCCL_SOCKET_IFNAME=xgbe0来指定使用xgbe0，其实就是通过prefixList来匹配做到的。

static int findInterfaces(const char* prefixList, char* names, union socketAddress *addrs, int sock_family, int maxIfNameSize, int maxIfs) {  struct netIf userIfs[MAX_IFS];  bool searchNot = prefixList && prefixList[0] == '^';  if (searchNot) prefixList++;  bool searchExact = prefixList && prefixList[0] == '=';  if (searchExact) prefixList++;  int nUserIfs = parseStringList(prefixList, userIfs, MAX_IFS);   int found = 0;  struct ifaddrs *interfaces, *interface;  getifaddrs(&interfaces);  for (interface = interfaces; interface && found < maxIfs; interface = interface->ifa_next) {    if (interface->ifa_addr == NULL) continue;     int family = interface->ifa_addr->sa_family;    if (family != AF_INET && family != AF_INET6)      continue;     if (sock_family != -1 && family != sock_family)      continue;     if (family == AF_INET6) {      struct sockaddr_in6* sa = (struct sockaddr_in6*)(interface->ifa_addr);      if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK(&sa->sin6_addr)) continue;    }     if (!(matchIfList(interface->ifa_name, -1, userIfs, nUserIfs, searchExact) ^ searchNot)) {      continue;    }    bool duplicate = false;    for (int i = 0; i < found; i++) {      if (strcmp(interface->ifa_name, names+i*maxIfNameSize) == 0) { duplicate = true; break; }    }     if (!duplicate) {      strncpy(names+found*maxIfNameSize, interface->ifa_name, maxIfNameSize);      int salen = (family == AF_INET) ? sizeof(sockaddr_in) : sizeof(sockaddr_in6);      memcpy(addrs+found, interface->ifa_addr, salen);      found++;    }  }   freeifaddrs(interfaces);  return found;}

开始初始化通信网络。

ncclNet_t结构体是一系列的函数指针，比如初始化，发送，接收等；socket，IB等通信方式都实现了自己的ncclNet_t，如ncclNetSocket，ncclNetIb，初始化通信网络的过程就是依次看哪个通信模式可用，然后赋值给全局的ncclNet。

首先执行initNetPlugin，查看是否有libnccl-net.so，测试环境没有这个so，所以直接返回。

然后尝试使用IB网络：

首先执行ncclNetIb的init函数，就是ncclIbInit。

ncclResult_t ncclIbInit(ncclDebugLogger_t logFunction) {  static int shownIbHcaEnv = 0;  if(wrap_ibv_symbols() != ncclSuccess) { return ncclInternalError; }  if (ncclParamIbDisable()) return ncclInternalError;   if (ncclNIbDevs == -1) {    pthread_mutex_lock(&ncclIbLock);    wrap_ibv_fork_init();    if (ncclNIbDevs == -1) {      ncclNIbDevs = 0;      if (findInterfaces(ncclIbIfName, &ncclIbIfAddr, MAX_IF_NAME_SIZE, 1) != 1) {        WARN("NET/IB : No IP interface found.");        return ncclInternalError;      }       // Detect IB cards      int nIbDevs;      struct ibv_device** devices;       // Check if user defined which IB device:port to use      char* userIbEnv = getenv("NCCL_IB_HCA");      if (userIbEnv != NULL && shownIbHcaEnv++ == 0) INFO(NCCL_NET|NCCL_ENV, "NCCL_IB_HCA set to %s", userIbEnv);      struct netIf userIfs[MAX_IB_DEVS];      bool searchNot = userIbEnv && userIbEnv[0] == '^';      if (searchNot) userIbEnv++;      bool searchExact = userIbEnv && userIbEnv[0] == '=';      if (searchExact) userIbEnv++;      int nUserIfs = parseStringList(userIbEnv, userIfs, MAX_IB_DEVS);       if (ncclSuccess != wrap_ibv_get_device_list(&devices, &nIbDevs)) return ncclInternalError;       for (int d=0; d<nIbDevs && ncclNIbDevs<MAX_IB_DEVS; d++) {        struct ibv_context * context;        if (ncclSuccess != wrap_ibv_open_device(&context, devices[d]) || context == NULL) {          WARN("NET/IB : Unable to open device %s", devices[d]->name);          continue;        }        int nPorts = 0;        struct ibv_device_attr devAttr;        memset(&devAttr, 0, sizeof(devAttr));        if (ncclSuccess != wrap_ibv_query_device(context, &devAttr)) {          WARN("NET/IB : Unable to query device %s", devices[d]->name);          if (ncclSuccess != wrap_ibv_close_device(context)) { return ncclInternalError; }          continue;        }        for (int port = 1; port <= devAttr.phys_port_cnt; port++) {          struct ibv_port_attr portAttr;          if (ncclSuccess != wrap_ibv_query_port(context, port, &portAttr)) {            WARN("NET/IB : Unable to query port %d", port);            continue;          }          if (portAttr.state != IBV_PORT_ACTIVE) continue;          if (portAttr.link_layer != IBV_LINK_LAYER_INFINIBAND              && portAttr.link_layer != IBV_LINK_LAYER_ETHERNET) continue;           // check against user specified HCAs/ports          if (! (matchIfList(devices[d]->name, port, userIfs, nUserIfs, searchExact) ^ searchNot)) {            continue;          }          TRACE(NCCL_INIT|NCCL_NET,"NET/IB: [%d] %s:%d/%s ", d, devices[d]->name, port,              portAttr.link_layer == IBV_LINK_LAYER_INFINIBAND ? "IB" : "RoCE");          ncclIbDevs[ncclNIbDevs].device = d;          ncclIbDevs[ncclNIbDevs].guid = devAttr.sys_image_guid;          ncclIbDevs[ncclNIbDevs].port = port;          ncclIbDevs[ncclNIbDevs].link = portAttr.link_layer;          ncclIbDevs[ncclNIbDevs].speed = ncclIbSpeed(portAttr.active_speed) * ncclIbWidth(portAttr.active_width);          ncclIbDevs[ncclNIbDevs].context = context;          strncpy(ncclIbDevs[ncclNIbDevs].devName, devices[d]->name, MAXNAMESIZE);          NCCLCHECK(ncclIbGetPciPath(ncclIbDevs[ncclNIbDevs].devName, &ncclIbDevs[ncclNIbDevs].pciPath, &ncclIbDevs[ncclNIbDevs].realPort));          ncclIbDevs[ncclNIbDevs].maxQp = devAttr.max_qp;          ncclNIbDevs++;          nPorts++;          pthread_create(&ncclIbAsyncThread, NULL, ncclIbAsyncThreadMain, context);        }        if (nPorts == 0 && ncclSuccess != wrap_ibv_close_device(context)) { return ncclInternalError; }      }      if (nIbDevs && (ncclSuccess != wrap_ibv_free_device_list(devices))) { return ncclInternalError; };    }    if (ncclNIbDevs == 0) {      INFO(NCCL_INIT|NCCL_NET, "NET/IB : No device found.");    } else {      char line[1024];      line[0] = '\0';      for (int d=0; d<ncclNIbDevs; d++) {        snprintf(line+strlen(line), 1023-strlen(line), " [%d]%s:%d/%s", d, ncclIbDevs[d].devName,            ncclIbDevs[d].port, ncclIbDevs[d].link == IBV_LINK_LAYER_INFINIBAND ? "IB" : "RoCE");      }      line[1023] = '\0';      char addrline[1024];      INFO(NCCL_INIT|NCCL_NET, "NET/IB : Using%s ; OOB %s:%s", line, ncclIbIfName, socketToString(&ncclIbIfAddr.sa, addrline));    }    pthread_mutex_unlock(&ncclIbLock);  }  return ncclSuccess;}

首先第三行通过wrap_ibv_symbols加载动态库libibverbs.so，然后获取动态库的各个函数。

然后通过wrap_ibv_fork_init避免fork引起rdma网卡读写出错。

后面会讲到ib网络也会用到socket进行带外网络的传输，所以这里也通过findInterfaces获取一个可用的网卡保存到ncclIbIfAddr。

通过ibv_get_device_list获取所有rdma设备到devices中，遍历devices的每个device，因为每个HCA可能有多个物理port，所以对每个device遍历每一个物理port，获取每个port的信息。

然后将相关信息保存到全局的ncclIbDevs中，比如是哪个device的哪个port，使用的是IB还是ROCE，device的pci路径，maxqp，device的name等，注意这里也有类似bootstrap网络NCCL_SOCKET_IFNAME的环境变量，叫NCCL_IB_HCA，可以指定使用哪个IB HCA。

到这里整个初始化的过程就完成了，一句话总结就是，获取了当前机器上所有可用的IB网卡和普通以太网卡之后保存下来。

然后开始生成UniqueId。

ncclResult_t bootstrapCreateRoot(ncclUniqueId* id, bool idFromEnv) {  ncclNetHandle_t* netHandle = (ncclNetHandle_t*) id;  void* listenComm;  NCCLCHECK(bootstrapNetListen(idFromEnv ? dontCareIf : 0, netHandle, &listenComm));  pthread_t thread;  pthread_create(&thread, NULL, bootstrapRoot, listenComm);  return ncclSuccess;}

ncclNetHandle_t也是一个字符数组，然后执行bootstrapNetListen。

static ncclResult_t bootstrapNetListen(int dev, ncclNetHandle_t* netHandle, void** listenComm) {  union socketAddress* connectAddr = (union socketAddress*) netHandle;  static_assert(sizeof(union socketAddress) < NCCL_NET_HANDLE_MAXSIZE, "union socketAddress size is too large");  // if dev >= 0, listen based on dev  if (dev >= 0) {    NCCLCHECK(bootstrapNetGetSocketAddr(dev, connectAddr));  } else if (dev == findSubnetIf) {    ...  } // Otherwise, handle stores a local address  struct bootstrapNetComm* comm;  NCCLCHECK(bootstrapNetNewComm(&comm));  NCCLCHECK(createListenSocket(&comm->fd, connectAddr));  *listenComm = comm;  return ncclSuccess;}

依次看下这三个函数，通过bootstrapNetGetSocketAddr获取一个可用的ip地址。

static ncclResult_t bootstrapNetGetSocketAddr(int dev, union socketAddress* addr) {  if (dev >= bootstrapNetIfs) return ncclInternalError;  memcpy(addr, bootstrapNetIfAddrs+dev, sizeof(*addr));  return ncclSuccess;}

此时dev是0， bootstrapNetIfs是初始化bootstrap网络的时候一共找到了几个可用的网卡，这里就是获取了第0个可用的ip地址。

然后通过bootstrapNetNewComm创建bootstrapNetComm，bootstrapNetComm其实就是fd，bootstrapNetNewComm其实就是new了一个bootstrapNetComm。

struct bootstrapNetComm {  int fd; };

通过createListenSocket启动socker server。

static ncclResult_t createListenSocket(int *fd, union socketAddress *localAddr) {  /* IPv4/IPv6 support */  int family = localAddr->sa.sa_family;  int salen = (family == AF_INET) ? sizeof(sockaddr_in) : sizeof(sockaddr_in6);   /* Create socket and bind it to a port */  int sockfd = socket(family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);  if (sockfd == -1) {    WARN("Net : Socket creation failed : %s", strerror(errno));    return ncclSystemError;  }   if (socketToPort(&localAddr->sa)) {    // Port is forced by env. Make sure we get the port.    int opt = 1;#if defined(SO_REUSEPORT)    SYSCHECK(setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR | SO_REUSEPORT, &opt, sizeof(opt)), "setsockopt");#else    SYSCHECK(setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &opt, sizeof(opt)), "setsockopt");#endif  }   // localAddr port should be 0 (Any port)  SYSCHECK(bind(sockfd, &localAddr->sa, salen), "bind");   /* Get the assigned Port */  socklen_t size = salen;  SYSCHECK(getsockname(sockfd, &localAddr->sa, &size), "getsockname"); #ifdef ENABLE_TRACE  char line[1024];  TRACE(NCCL_INIT|NCCL_NET,"Listening on socket %s", socketToString(&localAddr->sa, line));#endif   /* Put the socket in listen mode   * NB: The backlog will be silently truncated to the value in /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn   */  SYSCHECK(listen(sockfd, 16384), "listen");  *fd = sockfd;  return ncclSuccess;}